The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects—devices, machines, vehicles, and everyday items—equipped with sensors, software, and connectivity that enable them to collect and exchange data over the internet. The core idea is simple: objects that were previously passive become active participants in digital systems.

IoT is widely used in industry, healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and smart homes. In factories, sensors monitor machines in real time, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. In healthcare, wearable devices track vital signs and support remote patient monitoring. Smart cities use IoT to optimize traffic, energy consumption, and public services.

A key advantage of IoT is automation based on real data. Systems can react immediately to changes in the environment without human intervention. However, IoT also brings challenges, especially in security, privacy, and reliability. Poorly secured devices can become entry points for cyberattacks.

Despite these risks, IoT is becoming a fundamental part of modern infrastructure. As hardware becomes cheaper and networks faster, the number of connected devices will continue to grow, reshaping how we interact with technology and the physical world.

Another important aspect of IoT is data analysis. Devices generate enormous amounts of data, which by itself has little value. The real benefit comes from processing this data using cloud computing, edge computing, and artificial intelligence. Predictive analytics allows systems to detect patterns, forecast failures, and support better decision-making. In many cases, data is processed close to the source (edge) to reduce latency and network load.

IoT also changes the way products are designed and used. Manufacturers increasingly sell services instead of standalone devices—for example, equipment offered with continuous monitoring and maintenance as a service. This shift extends product lifecycles and improves efficiency, but it also requires long-term software support and standardization. In the long run, the success of IoT will depend not only on technology, but on trust, clear regulations, and responsible system design.